tox-poetry-installer/README.md

# tox-poetry-installer

A plugin for [Tox](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/) that allows test environment
dependencies to be installed using [Poetry](https://python-poetry.org/) using its lockfile.

⚠️ **This project is alpha software and should not be used in a production capacity** ⚠️

![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/l/tox-poetry-installer)
![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/v/tox-poetry-installer)
![image](https://img.shields.io/pypi/pyversions/tox-poetry-installer)

**Documentation**

* [Installation](#installation)
* [Quick Start](#quick-start)
* [Usage Examples](#usage-examples)
* [Known Drawbacks and Problems](#known-drawbacks-and-problems)
* [Why would I use this?](#why-would-i-use-this) (What problems does this solve?)
* [Developing](#developing)
* [Contributing](#contributing)
* [Roadmap](#roadmap)
  * [Path to Beta](#path-to-beta)
  * [Path to Stable](#path-to-stable)

Related resources:
* [Poetry Python Project Manager](https://python-poetry.org/)
* [Tox Automation Project](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/)
* [Tox plugins](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/plugins.html)


## Installation

Add the plugin as a development dependency a project using Poetry:

```
~ $: poetry add tox-poetry-installer --dev
```

Confirm that the plugin is installed, and Tox recognizes it, by checking the Tox version:

```
~ $: poetry run tox --version
3.20.0 imported from .venv/lib64/python3.8/site-packages/tox/__init__.py
registered plugins:
    tox-poetry-installer-0.2.0 at .venv/lib64/python3.8/site-packages/tox_poetry_installer.py
```

If using in a CI/automation environment using Pip, ensure that the plugin is installed to the
same environment as Tox:

```
# Calling the virtualenv's 'pip' binary directly will cause pip to install to that virtualenv
~ $: /path/to/my/automation/virtualenv/bin/pip install tox
~ $: /path/to/my/automation/virtualenv/bin/pip install tox-poetry-installer
```


## Quick Start

To require a Tox environment install all it's dependencies from the Poetry lockfile, add the
`require_locked_deps = true` option to the environment configuration and remove all version
specifiers from the dependency list. The versions to install will be taken from the lockfile
directly:

```ini
[testenv]
description = Run the tests
require_locked_deps = true
deps =
    pytest
    pytest-cov
    black
    pylint
    mypy
commands = ...
```

To require specific dependencies be installed from the Poetry lockfile, and let the rest be
installed using the default Tox installation method, add the suffix `@poetry` to the dependencies.
In the example below the `pytest`, `pytest-cov`, and `black` dependencies will be installed using
the lockfile while `pylint` and `mypy` will be installed using the versions specified here:

```ini
[testenv]
description = Run the tests
require_locked_deps = true
deps =
    pytest@poetry
    pytest-cov@poetry
    black@poetry
    pylint >=2.5.0
    mypy == 0.770
commands = ...
```

**Note:** Regardless of the settings outlined above, all dependencies of the project package (the
one Tox is testing) will always be installed from the lockfile.


## Usage Examples

After installing the plugin to a project, your Tox automation is already benefiting from the
lockfile: when Tox installs your project package to one of your environments, all the dependencies
of your project package will be installed using the versions specified in the lockfile. This
happens automatically and requires no configuration changes.

But what about the rest of your Tox environment dependencies?

Let's use an example `tox.ini` file, below, that defines two environments: the main `testenv` for
running the project tests and `testenv:check` for running some other helpful checks:

```ini
[tox]
envlist = py37, static
isolated_build = true

[testenv]
description = Run the tests
deps =
    pytest == 5.3.0
commands = ...

[testenv:check]
description = Static formatting and quality enforcement
deps =
    pylint >=2.4.4,<2.6.0
    mypy == 0.770
    black --pre
commands = ...
```

Let's focus on the `testenv:check` environment first. In this project there's no reason that any
of these tools should be a different version than what a human developer is using when installing
from the lockfile. We can require that these dependencies be installed from the lockfile by adding
the option `require_locked_deps = true` to the environment config, but this will cause an error:

```ini
[testenv:check]
description = Static formatting and quality enforcement
require_locked_deps = true
deps =
    pylint >=2.4.4,<2.6.0
    mypy == 0.770
    black --pre
commands = ...
```

Running Tox using this config gives us this error:

```
tox_poetry_installer.LockedDepVersionConflictError: Locked dependency 'pylint >=2.4.4,<2.6.0' cannot include version specifier
```

This is because we told the Tox environment to require all dependencies to be locked, but then also
specified a specific version constraint for Pylint. With the `require_locked_deps = true` setting
Tox expects all dependencies to take their version from the lockfile, so when it got conflicting
information it errors. We can fix this by simply removing all version specifiers from the
environment dependency list:

```ini
[testenv:check]
description = Static formatting and quality enforcement
require_locked_deps = true
deps =
    pylint
    mypy
    black
commands = ...
```

Now all the dependencies will be installed from the lockfile. If Poetry updates the lockfile with
a new version then that updated version will be automatically installed when the Tox environment is
recreated.

Now let's look at the `testenv` environment. Let's make the same changes to the `testenv`
environment that we made to `testenv:check` above; remove the PyTest version and add
`require_locked_deps = true`. Then imagine that we want to add a new (made up) tool the test
environment called `crash_override` to the environment: we can add `crash-override` as a dependency
of the test environment, but this will cause an error:

```ini
[testenv]
description = Run the tests
require_locked_deps = true
deps =
    pytest
    crash-override
commands = ...
```

Running Tox with this config gives us this error:

```
tox_poetry_installer.LockedDepNotFoundError: No version of locked dependency 'crash-override' found in the project lockfile
```

This is because `crash-override` is not in our lockfile. Tox will refuse to install a dependency
that isn't in the lockfile to an an environment that specifies `require_locked_deps = true`. We
could fix this (if `crash-override` was a real package) by running
`poetry add crash-override --dev` to add it to the lockfile.

Now let's combine dependencies from the lockfile ("locked dependencies") with dependencies that are
specified inline in the environment configuration ("unlocked dependencies").
[This isn't generally recommended of course](#why-would-i-use-this), but it's a valid use case and
fully supported by this plugin. Let's modify the `testenv` configuration to install PyTest from the
lockfile but then install an older version of the
[Requests](https://requests.readthedocs.io/en/master/) library.

The first thing to do is remove the `require_locked_deps = true` setting so that we can install
Requests as an unlocked dependency. Then we can add our version of requests to the dependency list:

```ini
[testenv]
description = Run the tests
deps =
    pytest
    requests >=2.2.0,<2.10.0
commands = ...
```

However we still want `pytest` to be installed from the lockfile, so the final step is to tell Tox
to install it from the lockfile by adding the suffix `@poetry` to it:

```ini
[testenv]
description = Run the tests
deps =
    pytest@poetry
    requests >=2.2.0,<2.10.0
commands = ...
```

Now when the `testenv` environment is created it will install PyTest (and all of its dependencies)
from the lockfile while it will install Requests (and all of its dependencies) using the default
Tox installation backend using Pip.


## Known Drawbacks and Problems

* The following `tox.ini` configuration options have no effect on the dependencies installed from
  the Poetry lockfile (note that they will still affect unlocked dependencies):
  * [`install_command`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-install_command)
  * [`pip_pre`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-pip_pre)
  * [`downloadcache`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-downloadcache) (deprecated)
  * [`download`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-download)
  * [`indexserver`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-indexserver)
  * [`usedevelop`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-indexserver)

* The [`extras`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-extras) setting in `tox.ini`
  does not work. Optional dependencies of the project package will not be installed to Tox
  environments. (See the [road map](#roadmap))

* The plugin currently depends on `poetry<1.1.0`. This can be a different version than Poetry being
  used for actual project development. (See the [road map](#roadmap))

* Tox environments automatically inherit their settings from the main `testenv` environment. This
  means that if the `require_locked_deps = true` is specified for the `testenv` environment then
  all environments will also require locked dependencies. This can be overridden by explicitly
  specifying `require_locked_deps = false` on child environments where unlocked dependencies are
  needed.

* There are a handful of packages that cannot be installed from the lockfile, whether as specific
  dependencies or as transient dependencies (dependencies of dependencies). This is due to
  [an ongoing discussion in the Poetry project](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/1584);
  the list of dependencies that cannot be installed from the lockfile can be found
  [here](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/blob/cc8f59a31567f806be868aba880ae0642d49b74e/poetry/puzzle/provider.py#L55).
  This plugin will skip these dependencies entirely, but log a warning when they are encountered.


## Why would I use this?

**Introduction**

The lockfile is a file generated by a package manager for a project that lists what
dependencies are installed, the versions of those dependencies, and additional metadata that
the package manager can use to recreate the local project environment. This allows developers
to have confidence that a bug they are encountering that may be caused by one of their
dependencies will be reproducible on another device. In addition, installing a project
environment from a lockfile gives confidence that automated systems running tests or performing
builds are using the same environment that a developer is.

[Poetry](https://python-poetry.org/) is a project dependency manager for Python projects, and
as such it creates and manages a lockfile so that its users can benefit from all the features
described above. [Tox](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/#what-is-tox) is an automation tool
that allows Python developers to run tests suites, perform builds, and automate tasks within
self contained [Python virtual environments](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html).
To make these environments useful, Tox supports installing per-environment dependencies.
However, since these environments are created on the fly and Tox does not maintain a lockfile,
there can be subtle differences between the dependencies a developer is using and the
dependencies Tox uses.

This is where this plugin comes into play.

By default Tox uses [Pip](https://docs.python.org/3/tutorial/venv.html) to install the
PEP-508 compliant dependencies to a test environment. A more robust way to do this is to
install dependencies directly from the lockfile so that the version installed to the Tox
environment always matches the version Poetry specifies. This plugin overwrites the default
Tox dependency installation behavior and replaces it with a Poetry-based installation using
the dependency metadata from the lockfile.

**The Problem**

Environment dependencies for a Tox environment are usually done in PEP-508 format like the
below example

```ini
# tox.ini
...

[testenv]
description = Some very cool tests
deps =
    foo == 1.2.3
    bar >=1.3,<2.0
    baz

...
```

Perhaps these dependencies are also useful during development, so they can be added to the
Poetry environment using this command:

 ```
 poetry add foo==1.2.3 bar>=1.3,<2.0 baz --dev
 ```

 However there are three potential problems that could arise from each of these environment
 dependencies that would _only_ appear in the Tox environment and not in the Poetry
 environment:

 * **The `foo` dependency is pinned to a specific version:** let's imagine a security
   vulnerability is discovered in `foo` and the maintainers release version `1.2.4` to fix
   it. A developer can run `poetry remove foo && poetry add foo^1.2` to get the new version,
   but the Tox environment is left unchanged. The developer environment specified by the
   lockfile is now patched against the vulnerability, but the Tox environment is not.

* **The `bar` dependency specifies a dynamic range:** a dynamic range allows a range of
  versions to be installed, but the lockfile will have an exact version specified so that
  the Poetry environment is reproducible; this allows versions to be updated with
  `poetry update` rather than with the `remove` and `add` used above. If the maintainers of
  `bar` release version `1.6.0` then the Tox environment will install it because it is valid
  for the specified version range, meanwhile the Poetry environment will continue to install
  the version from the lockfile until `poetry update bar` explicitly updates it. The
  development environment is now has a different version of `bar` than the Tox environment.

* **The `baz` dependency is unpinned:** unpinned dependencies are
  [generally a bad idea](https://python-poetry.org/docs/faq/#why-are-unbound-version-constraints-a-bad-idea),
  but here it can cause real problems. Poetry will interpret an unbound dependency using
  [the carrot requirement](https://python-poetry.org/docs/dependency-specification/#caret-requirements)
  but Pip (via Tox) will interpret it as a wildcard. If the latest version of `baz` is `1.0.0`
  then `poetry add baz` will result in a constraint of `baz>=1.0.0,<2.0.0` while the Tox
  environment will have a constraint of `baz==*`. The Tox environment can now install an
  incompatible version of `baz` that cannot be easily caught using `poetry update`.

All of these problems can apply not only to the dependencies specified for a Tox environment,
but also to the dependencies of those dependencies, and so on.

**The Solution**

This plugin requires that all dependencies specified for all Tox environments be unbound
with no version constraint specified at all. This seems counter-intuitive given the problems
outlined above, but what it allows the plugin to do is offload all version management to
Poetry.

On initial inspection, the environment below appears less stable than the one presented above
because it does not specify any versions for its dependencies:

```ini
# tox.ini
...

[testenv]
description = Some very cool tests
deps =
    foo
    bar
    baz

...
```

However with the `tox-poetry-installer` plugin installed this instructs Tox to install these
dependencies using the Poetry lockfile so that the version installed to the Tox environment
exactly matches the version Poetry is managing. When `poetry update` updates the lockfile
with new dependency versions, Tox will automatically install these new versions without needing
any changes to the configuration.

All dependencies are specified in one place (the lockfile) and dependency version management is
handled by a tool dedicated to that task (Poetry).


## Developing

This project requires Poetry-1.0+, see the [installation instructions here](https://python-poetry.org/docs/#installation).

```bash
# Clone the repository...
# ...over HTTPS
git clone https://github.com/enpaul/tox-poetry-installer.git
# ...over SSH
git clone git@github.com:enpaul/tox-poetry-installer.git

# Create a the local project virtual environment and install dependencies
cd tox-poetry-installer
poetry install

# Install pre-commit hooks
poetry run pre-commit install

# Run tests and static analysis
poetry run tox
```


## Contributing

All project contributors and participants are expected to adhere to the
[Contributor Covenant Code of Conduct, Version 2](CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md).

The `devel` branch has the latest (potentially unstable) changes. The
[tagged versions](https://github.com/enpaul/tox-poetry-installer/releases) correspond to the
releases on PyPI.

* To report a bug, request a feature, or ask for assistance, please
  [open an issue on the Github repository](https://github.com/enpaul/tox-poetry-installer/issues/new).
* To report a security concern or code of conduct violation, please contact the project author
  directly at **ethan dot paul at enp dot one**.
* To submit an update, please
  [fork the repository](https://docs.github.com/en/enterprise/2.20/user/github/getting-started-with-github/fork-a-repo)
  and
  [open a pull request](https://github.com/enpaul/tox-poetry-installer/compare).


## Roadmap

This project is under active development and is classified as alpha software, not yet ready
usage in production systems.

* Beta classification will be assigned when the initial feature set is finalized
* Stable classification will be assigned when the test suite covers an acceptable number of
  use cases

### Path to Beta

- [X] Verify that primary package dependencies (from the `.package` env) are installed
      correctly using the Poetry backend.
- [ ] Support the [`extras`](https://tox.readthedocs.io/en/latest/config.html#conf-extras)
      Tox configuration option
- [X] Add per-environment Tox configuration option to fall back to default installation
      backend.
- [ ] Add detection of a changed lockfile to automatically trigger a rebuild of Tox
      environments when necessary.
- [ ] Add warnings when an unsupported Tox configuration option is detected while using the
      Poetry backend.
- [X] Add trivial tests to ensure the project metadata is consistent between the pyproject.toml
      and the module constants.
- [ ] Update to use [poetry-core](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry-core)
      Tox configuration option) and improve robustness of the Tox and Poetry module imports
      to avoid potentially breaking API changes in upstream packages.
- [ ] Find and implement a way to mitigate the [Poetry UNSAFE_DEPENDENCIES bug](https://github.com/python-poetry/poetry/issues/1584).

### Path to Stable

Everything in Beta plus...

- [ ] Add tests for each feature version of Tox between 2.3 and 3.20
- [ ] Add tests for Python-3.6, 3.7, and 3.8
- [ ] Add Github Actions based CI
- [ ] Add CI for CPython, PyPy, and Conda
- [ ] Add CI for Linux and Windows